Volume 31 No 1
Article 文章
Abstract 摘要
This paper aims to provide a description of retrogressive reduplication in Old Chinese. With a comprehensive investigation, it is found that the reduplication of this type is mainly applied for verbs, and the reduplication of a monosyllabic verb gives rise to a disyllabic word, thus creating another meaning, indicating repetition of the action. Although reduplication of this type also gives rise to nouns, the base form is still originally a verb. In terms of phonological alternation, this kind of reduplication presents such a pattern: if the final of the base syllable (including so-called jièyīn ‘medial’) has the feature element [+round], then the reduplicant syllable before the base syllable will obtain the feature element [-round] in the correlate position; however, if the final of the base syllable has the feature element [-round], what we can find is actually not the feature element [+round] in the reduplicant syllable. Instead, the phonological alternation between the reduplicant and base syllables is recognized as a kind of unmarked/marked distinction. Reduplication of this type results from the interaction between morphology and phonology.
Abstract 摘要
This article describes the evolution of the ancient northern Chinese language and human consanguinity based on correspondences between person/place names in the Qi-Lu area during the Chunqiu period and northern nomadic tribe names recorded in Chinese histories. Recognizing the validity of Sino-Tibetan-Burmic Languages theory in many respects, the author also notes a significant amount of Tungusic, Mongolian, and Turkish phonetic elements in the ancient Chinese. Therefore, the author concludes that the so-called Altaic Languages and ethnic groups may have originated from the Yellow River valley, and that the ancient northern Chinese language most likely formed with influences from the south, where the Tibetan-Burmic-like languages dominated from very ancient time.
从春秋时代齐鲁人名，地名与北方诸族族名之关联比较出发， 本文探讨了中原古代居民的语言和血缘的融合机制。在认同汉-藏缅语系理论的合理性的同时，作者注意到古代中原汉语中存在着的大量通古斯，蒙古，突厥语成分； 并认为所谓阿尔泰语系诸族及其语言，应源自黄河流域；而古代北方汉语，则应是在藏缅式的南方语言的注入和影响下形成的。
Abstract 摘要
This article describes the evolution of the ancient northern Chinese language and human consanguinity based on correspondences between person/place names in the Qi-Lu area during the Chunqiu period and northern nomadic tribe names recorded in Chinese histories. Recognizing the validity of Sino-Tibetan-Burmic Languages theory in many respects, the author also notes a significant amount of Tungusic, Mongolian, and Turkish phonetic elements in the ancient Chinese. Therefore, the author concludes that the so-called Altaic Languages and ethnic groups may have originated from the Yellow River valley, and that the ancient northern Chinese language most likely formed with influences from the south, where the Tibetan-Burmic-like languages dominated from very ancient time.
从春秋时代齐鲁人名，地名与北方诸族族名之关联比较出发， 本文探讨了中原古代居民的语言和血缘的融合机制。在认同汉-藏缅语系理论的合理性的同时，作者注意到古代中原汉语中存在着的大量通古斯，蒙古，突厥语成分； 并认为所谓阿尔泰语系诸族及其语言，应源自黄河流域；而古代北方汉语，则应是在藏缅式的南方语言的注入和影响下形成的。
Abstract 摘要
There are estimates of the number of characters a Chinese college student knows, however, none of the estimates was obtained from empirical studies. In the present study, four groups of Chinese characters were stratified sampled from two dictionaries in accord with the characters’ linguistic frequencies. One hundred and twenty college students were recruited from two universities, and they were asked to write down the meanings and the pronunciations for a group of sampled characters. For each meaning and pronunciation responded, the subjects were asked to write down the reason that the response was generated. The results of the study indicated that a college student knows about 5150 characters and a set of strategies to guess the pronunciation and the meaning of an unknown character.
一般的语言心理学实验大多以大学生为受试者，而瞭接受试者的认识多少中文字（称为字汇量）是探讨中文字辨识历程时，实验者安排实验刺激时的重要考量。虽然在过去的文献中，曾经有一些研究者估计过大学生的字汇量，但是这些估计值都不是根据实征得实验资料所做的。本研究以截层取样法，从两本字典中各随机选取两个样本的中文字为实验刺激，并以120位大学生为受试者，探讨他们的字汇量。实验时，一位受试者会接到一个样本的刺激字：受试者的工作是写下这些刺激字的读音和字义；当遇到不认识的生字时，他需要猜测生字的读音和字义。作答完毕后，受试者还需要一个刺激字一个刺激字的，针对他先前所做的读音和字义反应，说明作答的原因。根据受试者对刺激字样本的反应，本研究以公式推论受试者在整本字典中的识字量，以及他们的字汇量。研究结果显示，一个一般大学生的字汇量大约为5150字，除此之外，大学生还能够运用一些策略，猜测中文生字的读音和字义。
Abstract 摘要
There are estimates of the number of characters a Chinese college student knows, however, none of the estimates was obtained from empirical studies. In the present study, four groups of Chinese characters were stratified sampled from two dictionaries in accord with the characters’ linguistic frequencies. One hundred and twenty college students were recruited from two universities, and they were asked to write down the meanings and the pronunciations for a group of sampled characters. For each meaning and pronunciation responded, the subjects were asked to write down the reason that the response was generated. The results of the study indicated that a college student knows about 5150 characters and a set of strategies to guess the pronunciation and the meaning of an unknown character.
一般的语言心理学实验大多以大学生为受试者，而瞭接受试者的认识多少中文字（称为字汇量）是探讨中文字辨识历程时，实验者安排实验刺激时的重要考量。虽然在过去的文献中，曾经有一些研究者估计过大学生的字汇量，但是这些估计值都不是根据实征得实验资料所做的。本研究以截层取样法，从两本字典中各随机选取两个样本的中文字为实验刺激，并以120位大学生为受试者，探讨他们的字汇量。实验时，一位受试者会接到一个样本的刺激字：受试者的工作是写下这些刺激字的读音和字义；当遇到不认识的生字时，他需要猜测生字的读音和字义。作答完毕后，受试者还需要一个刺激字一个刺激字的，针对他先前所做的读音和字义反应，说明作答的原因。根据受试者对刺激字样本的反应，本研究以公式推论受试者在整本字典中的识字量，以及他们的字汇量。研究结果显示，一个一般大学生的字汇量大约为5150字，除此之外，大学生还能够运用一些策略，猜测中文生字的读音和字义。
Abstract 摘要
Adopting Talmy’s (1985, 1991, 2000) theoretical framework, this paper, aiming to give a finer-grained analysis of the verbs of hitting in Hakka, has the following claims. First, these verbs of hitting are classified as the third type of verbal pattern under Talmy’s (1985, 1991, 2000) categorization which involves Action + Goal + Implication of fulfillment of intention. Furthermore, the lexicalized implicatures associated with the verbs demonstrate an implicational cline, which ranges according to the force of hitting. Although defeasible, the lexicalized implicature as a part of the lexical content has strong influence on the inherent features of the adjuncts and the felicity of the following discourse.
本文采用 Talmy (1991, 2000) 之理论架构，针对客语「打」类动词提出更精细的分析，主要有以下三点主张：客语「打」类动词属于 Talmy 架构下第三类之动词形式；这些动词之词汇隐含语意，依打的力量大小形成一个等级；此外，词汇语意之隐含虽然可被语境解除，却强烈影响动词可接之补语或修饰语之成分及语境之适切性。
Review 书评
Volume 31 No 2
Abstract 摘要
This paper aims to provide a description of retrogressive reduplication in Old Chinese. With a comprehensive investigation, it is found that the reduplication of this type is mainly applied for verbs, and the reduplication of a monosyllabic verb gives rise to a disyllabic word, thus creating another meaning, indicating repetition of the action. Although reduplication of this type also gives rise to nouns, the base form is still originally a verb. In terms of phonological alternation, this kind of reduplication presents such a pattern: if the final of the base syllable (including so-called jièyīn ‘medial’) has the feature element [+round], then the reduplicant syllable before the base syllable will obtain the feature element [-round] in the correlate position; however, if the final of the base syllable has the feature element [-round], what we can find is actually not the feature element [+round] in the reduplicant syllable. Instead, the phonological alternation between the reduplicant and base syllables is recognized as a kind of unmarked/marked distinction. Reduplication of this type results from the interaction between morphology and phonology.
Abstract 摘要
This article describes the evolution of the ancient northern Chinese language and human consanguinity based on correspondences between person/place names in the Qi-Lu area during the Chunqiu period and northern nomadic tribe names recorded in Chinese histories. Recognizing the validity of Sino-Tibetan-Burmic Languages theory in many respects, the author also notes a significant amount of Tungusic, Mongolian, and Turkish phonetic elements in the ancient Chinese. Therefore, the author concludes that the so-called Altaic Languages and ethnic groups may have originated from the Yellow River valley, and that the ancient northern Chinese language most likely formed with influences from the south, where the Tibetan-Burmic-like languages dominated from very ancient time.
从春秋时代齐鲁人名，地名与北方诸族族名之关联比较出发， 本文探讨了中原古代居民的语言和血缘的融合机制。在认同汉-藏缅语系理论的合理性的同时，作者注意到古代中原汉语中存在着的大量通古斯，蒙古，突厥语成分； 并认为所谓阿尔泰语系诸族及其语言，应源自黄河流域；而古代北方汉语，则应是在藏缅式的南方语言的注入和影响下形成的。
Abstract 摘要
This article explores various grammatical properties of the postverbal particle ngaang ‘must’ in Cantonese. It is shown that the existence of ngaang ‘must’ is subject to the telicity requirement, the aspectual requirement, and the monosyllabic requirement. Furthermore, it is argued that ngaang ‘must’ should not be analyzed as a resultative verb. By virtue of their grammatical similarities, ngaang ‘must’ can be treated on a par with two postverbal particles in Cantonese, namely saai ‘all’ and dak ‘only’. These three verbal particles are overt realizations of a functional category associated with modality, distributivity, and focus semantically, whose projection dominates the verb phrase in the clausal structure.
这篇文章探讨粤语动后助词“硬”的语法特点。本文发现“硬”的出现受到事件结构条件，体貌标志的出现和单音节条件的限制。此外，本文指出“硬”不能分析为一个结果补语。由于他们在语法上的相似性，“硬”应该与“晒”和“得”这两个粤语动后助词归为同一类。这三个动后助词同属于一个功能性词类。在句法结构上，这个功能性词类位于动词短语之上；至于在意义上，它与情态，量化和焦点有关。
Abstract 摘要
There are estimates of the number of characters a Chinese college student knows, however, none of the estimates was obtained from empirical studies. In the present study, four groups of Chinese characters were stratified sampled from two dictionaries in accord with the characters’ linguistic frequencies. One hundred and twenty college students were recruited from two universities, and they were asked to write down the meanings and the pronunciations for a group of sampled characters. For each meaning and pronunciation responded, the subjects were asked to write down the reason that the response was generated. The results of the study indicated that a college student knows about 5150 characters and a set of strategies to guess the pronunciation and the meaning of an unknown character.
一般的语言心理学实验大多以大学生为受试者，而瞭接受试者的认识多少中文字（称为字汇量）是探讨中文字辨识历程时，实验者安排实验刺激时的重要考量。虽然在过去的文献中，曾经有一些研究者估计过大学生的字汇量，但是这些估计值都不是根据实征得实验资料所做的。本研究以截层取样法，从两本字典中各随机选取两个样本的中文字为实验刺激，并以120位大学生为受试者，探讨他们的字汇量。实验时，一位受试者会接到一个样本的刺激字：受试者的工作是写下这些刺激字的读音和字义；当遇到不认识的生字时，他需要猜测生字的读音和字义。作答完毕后，受试者还需要一个刺激字一个刺激字的，针对他先前所做的读音和字义反应，说明作答的原因。根据受试者对刺激字样本的反应，本研究以公式推论受试者在整本字典中的识字量，以及他们的字汇量。研究结果显示，一个一般大学生的字汇量大约为5150字，除此之外，大学生还能够运用一些策略，猜测中文生字的读音和字义。
Abstract 摘要
Adopting Talmy’s (1985, 1991, 2000) theoretical framework, this paper, aiming to give a finer-grained analysis of the verbs of hitting in Hakka, has the following claims. First, these verbs of hitting are classified as the third type of verbal pattern under Talmy’s (1985, 1991, 2000) categorization which involves Action + Goal + Implication of fulfillment of intention. Furthermore, the lexicalized implicatures associated with the verbs demonstrate an implicational cline, which ranges according to the force of hitting. Although defeasible, the lexicalized implicature as a part of the lexical content has strong influence on the inherent features of the adjuncts and the felicity of the following discourse.
本文采用 Talmy (1991, 2000) 之理论架构，针对客语「打」类动词提出更精细的分析，主要有以下三点主张：客语「打」类动词属于 Talmy 架构下第三类之动词形式；这些动词之词汇隐含语意，依打的力量大小形成一个等级；此外，词汇语意之隐含虽然可被语境解除，却强烈影响动词可接之补语或修饰语之成分及语境之适切性。
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