Journal of Chinese Linguistics vol.37 (2009) 中国语言学报 37 卷 (2009)
Volume 37, No 1
Article 文章
Abstract 摘要
Cross-modal semantic priming and lexical judgment methods are adopted in this research to examine the cognitive process of the referent of Chinese reflexive ziji and the relationship between the two properties of “local binding” and “long-distance binding”. It was found that there exist several temporal stages of the processing of ziji. At the early stage of sentence processing (SOA=0ms), ziji is bound to the embedded subject within the Governing Category, which is consistent with Binding Principle A. However, at the second stage (SOA=160ms), ziji is bound to the matrix subject, namely long-distance binding. As to the third stage (SOA=370ms), the difference of the binding relationships between ziji and the two alternative subjects is not prominent any more. Both kinds of subjects give rise to semantic priming to target words. It means that the syntactic analysis of sentence processing has been finished and the semantic integration stage begins.
Keywords 关键词
Reflexives 反身代词 Local binding 局部約束 Long-distance binding 长距离约束 Cognitive processing 认知加工
Abstract 摘要
This paper provides more evidence for the genetic relationship between Austronesian and Kam-Tai. After an examination of the previous studies, it is preferred to compare modern languages directly at current stage, though some reconstructed Proto-languages are also used with caution. Dehong Dai, as a representative of Kam-Tai, and Indonesian, as a representative of Austronesian, have been compared, and systematic sound correspondences between them are established. According to Rank analysis, there are more Dai-Indonesian related words in High rank than those in Low rank, which indicates genetic relationship. Updated evidence and rank analysis show that both Kam-Tai languages and Austronesian languages are genetically related, respectively. Therefore, according to transitivity of genetic relatedness, Kam-Tai and Austronesian should be genetically related. Moreover, sound correspondences between Proto-Tai and Indonesian have been worked out. And Rank analysis confirms the genetic relationship. Finally, via the similar procedure, it is found that the genetic relationship between Austronesian with either Chinese or Tibeto-Burman are not confirmed because the related words between them in High rank are less than those in Low rank.
本文为南岛语和侗台语的亲缘关系提供了更多证据。在仔细检查前人的相关研究之后，我们认为目前情况下，最好直接比较现代语言，尽管一些原始语言的重构也用来作为本文的左证。在比较了作为侗台语代表的德宏傣语和作为南岛语代表的印度尼西亚语后，二者之间系统的对应建立起来了。在此基础上的词阶分析显示，有更多的关系语素落在高阶中，也就是支持二者之间的亲缘关系。根据最新的材料和词阶分析也进一步确认了侗台诸语言之间和南岛诸语言之间的亲缘关系。遵照亲缘关系的可传递性，侗台语应该与南岛语同源。我们还进一步比较了原始台语和印度尼西亚语，二者之间的关系语素也同样支持同源关系。应用同样的比较步骤来分析南岛语同汉语或者同藏缅语的关系，关系语素都显示在高阶少而低阶多，也就是说，南岛语同汉语或者同藏缅语的亲缘关系还不能确认。
Keywords 关键词
Genetic relationship 亲缘关系 Kam-Tai侗台 Austronesian 南岛语系 Rank analysis 排位分析
Abstract 摘要
This paper shows that punning (shuāngguān) is commonly found in Hong Kong Chinese media, especially adverts. As a rhetorical device and a form of language play, punning – monolingual or bilingual – is generally used to enhance the communicative impact of what is said. Linguistically a punning effect may be achieved through homonymy or (near-) homophony. In the literature published in English, research on punning straddles stylistics and linguistics. With reference to Heller’s (1980, 1983) linguistic typology of punning, our analysis of selected examples from Hong Kong Chinese media shows that most instances of punning may be characterized as ‘retentional – non-disambiguational’ puns. Orthographic puns are very common, in that the punning effect is only apparent in the printed, but not in the spoken medium. Functional shift in the signaling device of the pun is another salient feature.
双关乃修辞技巧之一，常见于香港中文传媒之中，尤以广告为甚。双关语的主要作用是加强信息之感染力。英语文献之中，双关语的研究介乎风格学与语言学之间。标示双关语的手段一般为同形同音异义词及同音(或语音相近的)异义词。本文参照了Heller(1980,1983)从语言学角度研究所得的双关语分类，对部份香港中文双关语材料进行了分析，结果显示大部份的双关语属「双关语义成份获保留/不会消除」之类别。很多在书写方面显性很强的双关语语意转到口语的时候显性便会消失。另一发现是标示双关语的句子或词组，存有词性功能转换的情况颇为普遍。
Keywords 关键词
Punning 双关语 Ambiguity 歧义 Advertising 广告 Language play 文字游戏 Homophony同音异义字 Homonymy 同形同音异义字
Abstract 摘要
The most prominent meaning of le has been conventionally recognized as the ‘perfective’ marker, although its non-perfective reading occasionally draws researchers’ attention. This paper starts with viewing the ambiguity of aspectual le in Chinese from the perspective of syntax-semantics interplay, showing that the structural ambiguity results in le’s semantic ambiguity to be interpreted as perfective or imperfective. I argue that the ambiguity of a sentence-final le is predetermined by its syntactic scope over a predicate or a sentence. After the distinction is clear, the special interest is particularly paid to examine the imperfective use of le. I list many examples and grammatical constructions to show that le is able to express imperfectivity, and such analysis can also be accounted for by various theories about the nature of aspect.
传统上多认为汉语“了”最显著的语意是表示完成貌，虽然它所具有的分割貌意涵亦时而引起学者讨论。本文以句法及语意之互动关系为出发点，来探讨”了”字的动貌性质。文中主张位于句末的”了”之所以具有双重语意，乃归因于它有着双重的句法范畴)–动词词组或句子。在解释”了”的两种动貌性质后，本文尤其着重在对其分割貌性质的探讨。文中试着举出各种例子及文法结构来验证”了”所带出的分割貌语意。此项分析亦获得数种动貌理论支持。
Keywords 关键词
Le 了 Perfective 完成貌 Imperfective 分割貌 Inchoative 起始 Progressive 进行 Telicity 密闭
Abstract 摘要
With the spreading of Chinese in the world, the study of the second language acquisition of Chinese is intensifying. It developed quickly after entering 21st century, and gave promotion to the study of the second language acquisition based on English and other western languages. The present paper includes a short comment on the theory of second language acquisition, an overview on the second language acquisition of Chinese, and some considerations to enhance the study of the second language acquisition of Chinese.
随着汉语在国际上广泛传播，汉语作为第二语言习得（以下简称为汉语二语习得）的研究开始兴起。本世纪以来，汉语二语习得的研究发展迅速，这给主要以英语等西方语言作为二语习得的研究增加了推动力。本文对第二语言习得的理论作简要的述评，纵观汉语二语习得研究的概况，同时提出作者的一些思考，以期在广度和深度上推进汉语二语习得的发展。
Keywords 关键词
Second language 第二语言 Acquisition 习得 Study 研究 Chinese 汉语
Abstract 摘要
This paper argues for the necessity of the separation of written Chinese from spoken Chinese after the May Fourth Movement by examining the formal function of these languages. It is then shown how modern formal Chinese has newly developed and what principles formal grammar must observe. Finally, a quantitative method is developed for measuring the degree of formality.
本文提出现代汉语书面语和口语区分的必要，认为这是五四运动打倒文言文以来，语言社会功能发展的必然结果。文章讨论新兴汉语正式语体的结构模式与组织原则，并提出一种测量方法，把书面正式语体中难以把握的典雅色彩变成可以计算的量化成分。文章认为：这一方法不仅可用于测量当代文章的庄雅度，同时或可用来鉴别阅读难度和提高写作的能力。
Keywords 关键词
Written Chinese 书面语 Formal Style 正式语体 Prosodic grammar 韵律语法 Degree of formality 正式度
Review
书评
Memoriam
缅怀
John DeFrancis, renowned teacher and linguist of Chinese, died at the age of 97 on January 2, 2009. In this tribute to John, I shall not dwell on the extremely interesting story of his life, inasmuch as that has been covered well in obituaries in the New York Times (January 19, 2009, p. A21), online at
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/15/us/15defrancis.html?partner=rss&emc=rss>
and elsewhere, e.g., Yale Daily News (January 16, 2009)
http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/27082
There is also a wonderful Website for John at
http://johndefrancis.wordpress.com/
with plentiful biographical details and lots of photographs. Suffice it to say here that John was a socially committed and politically active individual who also was unusually adventurous and gregarious. What I wish to do in this necrology is give a brief accounting of John as a teacher and scholar of Chinese. Perhaps the easiest way to approach John’s academic career is to divide it into four stages: student, teacher, researcher, and lexicographer.
Corrigenda
斟误
Volume 37, No 2
Article 文章
Abstract 摘要
The modern metropolis of W3uh4an comprises three earlier cities, i.e., H4ank3ou, H4any2ang, and W3uch1ang. For modern W3uh4an we have several different phonological descriptions, and for pre-modern H4ank3ou there are romanized records reaching back 125 years. On the basis of these sources it is possible to trace the history of the H4ank3ou sound system for the past century and quarter. Such a study reveals that the phonological history of this dialect was quite complex and reflects contact and convergence as well as simple historical sound change.
武汉是现代中国大都巿之一，包括从前汉口、汉阳、武昌三大市镇。现代武汉方言有三样不同的仔细语音记录。汉口话也有清代晚年至民国初年的拼音字母和方言调查记录。本篇使用这几种数据来研究汉口方言近代语音演变的历史。
Keywords 关键词
Hankou dialect 汉口方言 Wuhan dialect 武汉方言 Historical dialectology 方言历史 Language contact 语言接触
Abstract 摘要
The She language is a member of the Hmong-Mien family, spoken in mountainous areas in eastern Guangdong of China by about 1,500 people. Its long history of contact with the Hakka dialects of Chinese is well acknowledged in literature. In this paper, we investigate how contact governed the evolution of She initial system, making it become a Hakka-like pattern. It is thought that Hakka-She, the second language spoken by the Hakka people when they came into contact with the She, played a particular important role in shaping the present She initials.
畬语属于苗瑶语的一支。使用者分布在广东省东部的增城、博罗、惠东和海丰四个县的村子里，人口约一千五百。畬语和客语有长期接触的历史。本文以王辅世等 (1995)拟构的原始苗瑶语为出发点，解释畬语在发展的过程中，它的声母怎么样受到客语的影响。我们提出了「客族畬语」的概念，认为这种由于沟通需要而发展起来的客家人第二语言是导致畬语声母趋向简化的主因。
Keywords 关键词
She Language 畲语 Hakka dialects 客家方言 Language contact 语言接触 Language change 语言变化 Initial consonants 字首辅音
Abstract 摘要
This paper examines various grammatical properties of two postverbal approximative adverbs in Cantonese, viz mat1zai6 and gam3zai6 and the discontinuous constructions they constitute. Mat1zai6 is used to describe the frequency or degree denoted by the predicate in negative form while gam3zai6 focuses on the process approaching the endpoint of the event. Both of them are heads projected above the predicate underlyingly and their occurrence in the sentence-final position is a result of movement of the entire predicate step by step on the surface. Postverbal and preverbal adverbs form discontinuous adverbial phrases in Cantonese, which can be stacked and should be in a strict hierarchical order in the clausal structure. The findings of this paper may shed light on the syntax of Cantonese postverbal adverbs and the theory of discontinuous construction.
本文探讨粤语两个表示近似意义的后置副词“乜滞”和“咁滞”的语法特点，以及它们所组成的框式结构的句法分析。本文认为“乜滞”用来修饰有否定词的谓语所表示的动作次数和程度，而“咁滞”强调迈向事件自然终结点的过程。这两个词原本都是位于动词短语之上的中心语，不过由于谓语逐步移位的关系，出现在句末的位置。后置副词和前置副词组成框式副词短语，这种短语在句子里可以重迭，并且高低有序。本文的发现对粤语后置副词的句法研究和框式结构的理论应该有一定的参考价值。
Keywords 关键词
Cantonese 粤语 Syntax 句法学 Adverbs 副词 Discontinuous construction 框式结构 Analyticity 分析性
Abstract 摘要
Three experiments tested the role of an emerging syntactic tone in spoken word recognition of Beijing Mandarin Chinese. The study examined the role of the new syntactic tone in lexical access and how synchronic change is perceived in the task of word recognition. Experiment 1 used an information-deprived condition where information for the standard interpretation of the word was provided prior to the crucial tone, but the syntactic tone based interpretation was not provided. Experiment 2 used a prosody-reduced condition where the prosodic cues were unclear while information for both standard and syntactic tone based interpretation was provided. Experiment 3 involved a story retell task to further assess tone comprehension. The results show that the emerging syntactic tone had an impact on participant’s lexical interpretations, although the impact was more obvious when prosody information was clearly provided. The results also confirmed participants’ tone comprehension through story retells. The results support the hypotheses that a) there is a new syntactic tone in spoken Beijing Mandarin whose function goes beyond lexical tone, which has become a precursor for word recognition in discourse processing; and, b) language processing reflects asymmetry in that speakers prefer the traditional grammatical interpretation more than the interpretation derived from the newly developed syntactic tone when prosodic information is unclear. The study demonstrates how usage-based grammatical changes affect speaker’s mental model of lexical access.
本文通过三个实验测试了北京话里出现的句法声调(句调)及其在词汇识别中的作用。测试一使用了词汇信息不完全的短文。测试二提供了全部词汇信息，但语音信息不清晰。测试三提供了全部词汇信息和清晰的语音环境，但受试者回答问题之后要重复所听到的短文。九十八位北京人参与了测试。测试结果表明，北京口语中出现的句调不同于单词的词调，其功能不在于分辨该调所在词的词义，而是话语中句调之后的词义。句调的出现及其功能展示了语法在话语使用中的发展及其对说话者认知语法模式的影响。
Keywords 关键词
Syntactic change 句型发展变化 Syntactic tone 句调 Lexical tone 词调 Spoken Beijing Mandarin 北京话 Psycholinguistics 心理语言学 Language processes 词处理
Abstract 摘要
This paper describes the semantics of six complex aspects composed of two imperfective simple aspects in Chinese, with the focus on aspectual functions, temporal structures, and semantic applicability conditions of the aspects. Based on the results of an investigation into the combination potential of simple aspects in Chinese, we show characteristics of the Chinese complex aspects and formulate two conditions of aspect combinations. We also propose a set of rules for constructing the temporal structures of the complex aspects. A selection order principle is used in designing the system network of the Chinese aspects to guarantee the grammaticality of the produced complex aspect expressions.
本文描述汉语时态系统中六种由非完全“简单时态”构成的“双态复合时态”的语义结构，侧重于分析复合时态的时态功能，时间结构以及语义应用条件。基于对汉语简单时态不同复合潜势的考察，文章揭示了汉语复合时态的特点并给出不同时态间的复合条件。根据对不同复合时态时间结构的分析，我们归纳了一组用以建立复合时态时间结构的规则。时态系统的语法网络根据系统功能语法设计并使用了一条“时态顺序选择原则”以保证所生成复合时态的语法正确性。
Keywords 关键词
Classification of Chinese aspects 汉语时态分类 Aspectual features 时态特征 Aspectual functions of aspects 时态功能 Temporal structures of aspects 时态的时间结构 Semantic application conditions of aspects 时态的语义应用条件 Combination of individual aspects 简单时态的复合
Review 书评
Abstract 摘要
This paper reviews various sources of literature on the languages of the She minority. Previous scholarship can generally be divided into three aspects: those that study the genetic affiliation of the She language (Sheyu); those that study the relation between the She speech (Shehua) and Chinese dialects, or between Shehua and Zhuang-Dong languages; and those that study languages of the She people as an endangered language. The paper points out the future development of She research, which will aim at safeguarding languages of the She minority. The status of Sheyu and Shehua and their interrelationship will be better clarified when studies proceed with the perspective of basic core vocabulary. Furthermore, studies on languages of the She minority require interdisciplinary methodologies that combine language competition and mathematical modeling to explore factors contributing to the endangerment of She people’s languages.
文章回顾总结了大部分的畲族语言研究的成果，认为前人的研究主要集中在畲语的系属问题、畲话和汉语方言及壮侗语的关系、畲族语言作为濒危语言的研究三个方面，并从研究方法和所使用的材料两方面分析了前人研究的局限性与不足。本文指出，研究如何保护畲族语言是未来畲族语言研究发展的必然趋势，从基本核心词的角度来探讨畲语和畲话的地位以及二者的关系，并用语言竞争数学模型等多学科的研究方法来探讨导致畲族语言濒危的因素，是未来畲族语言研究的发展方向。
Report 报告
Conference in Evolutionary Linguistics I (首届演化语言学研讨会2 / 演化音法学讨论会) was held in Guangzhou, from 28th to 30th March, 2009. The conference was organized by Fangyan Journal from Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) (中国社会科学院《方言》季刊), Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics from Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) (香港科技大学《中国语言学集刊》), and Dongfang Yuyanxue from EISU (上海高校比较语言学e-研究院《东方语言学》), and co-organized by Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University (广东技术师范学院) by which venue and facilities for conference discussions were provided.
Participants were mainly scholars and postgraduate students from universities (e.g. 湖南大学, 广东技术师范学院) / research institutes (e.g. CASS) all over mainland China. Besides, there were also research students and scholars from HKUST and the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK).
The working language of the conference was Chinese. The conference consisted of three days of oral presentations, with no parallel session, such that audience did not have to miss any talk of interest. A large variety of languages and dialects spoken in China, with a wide geographical coverage, were talked about in presentations, ranging from Lai (来语) on Hainan Island in southern China, dialects in central China like Cantonese, Xiang, etc., to Tibetan used in western China and Mongolian in the north.
Although the conference title does not suggest a heavy focus on phonetics, a considerable portion of research reports presented in the conference made use of instrumental measurement in obtaining evidence to verify research hypotheses. Traditional acoustic methods like formant and fundamental frequency trajectories, duration measures, power analysis, waveform inspection were widely used (e.g. studies of Chaozhou entering tones by Zhu Xiaonong (朱晓农) and Hong Ying (洪英), Zhuang vowels by Zhou Xuewen (周学文), and Lhasa Tibetan glottal stops by Long Congjun (龙从军)). Besides, other physiological measures during speech production were also talked about, like electro-palatography (EPG), oral / nasal air-flow measurement, and electromagnetic articulography (EMA) data.
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